sábado, 10 de octubre de 2009
Reflexión
Todas las unidades vistas en inglés instrumental, materia perteneciente al pensum de la Maestría en Informática Educativa, fueron de gran ayuda al momento de analizar lo que dice un texto en ingles, no traduciendolo palabra por palabra, sino teniendo una idea general de lo que trata y asi lograr una mejor y fácil comprensión del tema sin necesidad de ser un experto en traducción. Mi experiencia fue muy grata porque aprendí cosas que no conocía no solo del área de ingles sino de tecnología y de instrumentos de estudio a distancia que puedo aplicar en un futuro.
miércoles, 7 de octubre de 2009
Trabajo Final
Introducción
El presente trabajo es una recopilación de todas las unidades de Ingles Instrumental vistas en clase, poniendo en práctica todos los conocimientos adquiridos en dicha cátedra.
Texto en Inglés
Technology is a broad concept that deals with human as well as other animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. Technology is a term with origins in the Greek technología (τεχνολογία) — téchnē (τέχνη), 'craft' and -logía (-λογία), the study of something, or the branch of knowledge of a discipline. However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include "construction technology", "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology".
The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.
Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.
Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, opining that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations
The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers a definition of the term: "the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area" and "a capability given by the practical application of knowledge". Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 "Real World of Technology" lecture, gave another definition of the concept; it is "practice, the way we do things around here".The term is often used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics, rather than technology as a whole. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time, 1, defines technology in two ways: as "the pursuit of life by means other than life", and as "organized inorganic matter.
Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to achieve some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems. It is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material; virtual technology, such as computer software and business methods, fall under this definition of technology. The word "technology" can also be used to refer to a collection of techniques. In this context, it is the current state of humanity's knowledge of how to combine resources to produce desired products, to solve problems, fulfill needs, or satisfy wants; it includes technical methods, skills, processes, techniques, tools and raw materials. When combined with another term, such as "medical technology" or "space technology", it refers to the state of the respective field's knowledge and tools. "State-of-the-art technology" refers to the high technology available to humanity in any field.
Technology can be viewed as an activity that forms or changes culture.Additionally, technology is the application of math, science, and the arts for the benefit of life as it is known. A modern example is the rise of communication technology, which has lessened barriers to human interaction and, as a result, has helped spawn new subcultures; the rise of cyberculture has, at its basis, the development of the Internet and the computer. Not all technology enhances culture in a creative way; technology can also help facilitate political oppression and war via tools such as guns. As a cultural activity, technology predates both science and engineering, each of which formalize some aspects of technological endeavor
The distinction between science, engineering and technology is not always clear. Science is the reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method.Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety.
Engineering is the goal-oriented process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often (but not always) using results and techniques from science. The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historical knowledge, to achieve some practical result.
Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering — although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference.
The exact relations between science and technology in particular have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers in the late 20th century, in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science. In immediate wake of World War II, for example, in the United States it was widely considered that technology was simply "applied science" and that to fund basic science was to reap technological results in due time. An articulation of this philosophy could be found explicitly in Vannevar Bush's treatise on postwar science policy, Science—The Endless Frontier: "New products, new industries, and more jobs require continuous additions to knowledge of the laws of nature... This essential new knowledge can be obtained only through basic scientific research." In the late-1960s, however, this view came under direct attack, leading towards initiatives to fund science for specific tasks (initiatives resisted by the scientific community). The issue remains contentious—though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research
Categorias lexicales:
Palabras de contenido:
Animal
Technology
Model
Palabras de Función:
This
The
And
Sustantivo
Technology
Human
Basic
Verbo
To refer
Applied
Resisted
Adjetivo
New
Artificial
Essential
Adverbio
Widely
Generally
Freely
Articulo
The
And
This
Preposición
By
From
Over
Conjunción
Because
But
And
Demostrativos
This
That
Prefijos
Prehistorical
Remains
Improves
Sufijos
Funding
Available
Widely
Cognados Verdaderos
Animal
Internet
Computer
Cognados Falsos
Actual
Aproximación al Texto:
Skimming:
1.- ¿Cual es la Idea general del texto?
Que la tecnología es un concepto amplio que trata de humanos, así como el uso de especies de otros animales y el conocimiento de herramientas y artesanías, y cómo afecta a la capacidad de una especie a controlar y adaptarse a su medio ambiente.
2.- ¿Qué palabras se repiten?
Technology
Human
Computer
3.- ¿Qué palabras se parecen al español?
Animal
Internet
Computer
4.- ¿Cuáles son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o graficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
Technology
Knowledge
Environment
Species
5.- ¿De que trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o las ultimas ideas del último párrafo
La tecnología es un concepto amplio que trata de humanos, así como el uso de especies de otros animales y el conocimiento de herramientas y artesanías, y cómo afecta a la capacidad de una especie a controlar y adaptarse a su medio ambiente.
A finales de la década de 1960, sin embargo, este punto de vista fue objeto de ataque directo, lo que lleva a las iniciativas para financiar la ciencia para tareas específicas (las iniciativas de la resistencia de la comunidad científica). The issue remains contentious—though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research. El tema sigue siendo polémico, aunque la mayoría de los analistas de resistir el modelo de que la tecnología sólo es el resultado de la investigación científica
Patrones de Organización de un Párrafo:
Marcadores de Definición
for example
such as
refers to
Marcadores de Secuencia:
Continue
Following
Marcadores de tiempo
In the late-1960s
In 1989
Iin the late 20th century.
Reflexión:
Todas las unidades vistas en inglés instrumental fueron de gran ayuda al momento de analizar lo que dice un texto en ingles, no traduciendolo palabra por palabra, sino teniendo una idea general de lo que trata.
Fuentes Consultadas:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology
El presente trabajo es una recopilación de todas las unidades de Ingles Instrumental vistas en clase, poniendo en práctica todos los conocimientos adquiridos en dicha cátedra.
Texto en Inglés
Technology is a broad concept that deals with human as well as other animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. Technology is a term with origins in the Greek technología (τεχνολογία) — téchnē (τέχνη), 'craft' and -logía (-λογία), the study of something, or the branch of knowledge of a discipline. However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include "construction technology", "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology".
The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.
Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, a term originally applied only to machines, and the challenge of traditional norms.
Philosophical debates have arisen over the present and future use of technology in society, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar movements criticise the pervasiveness of technology in the modern world, opining that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition. Indeed, until recently, it was believed that the development of technology was restricted only to human beings, but recent scientific studies indicate that other primates and certain dolphin communities have developed simple tools and learned to pass their knowledge to other generations
The Merriam-Webster dictionary offers a definition of the term: "the practical application of knowledge especially in a particular area" and "a capability given by the practical application of knowledge". Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 "Real World of Technology" lecture, gave another definition of the concept; it is "practice, the way we do things around here".The term is often used to imply a specific field of technology, or to refer to high technology or just consumer electronics, rather than technology as a whole. Bernard Stiegler, in Technics and Time, 1, defines technology in two ways: as "the pursuit of life by means other than life", and as "organized inorganic matter.
Technology can be most broadly defined as the entities, both material and immaterial, created by the application of mental and physical effort in order to achieve some value. In this usage, technology refers to tools and machines that may be used to solve real-world problems. It is a far-reaching term that may include simple tools, such as a crowbar or wooden spoon, or more complex machines, such as a space station or particle accelerator. Tools and machines need not be material; virtual technology, such as computer software and business methods, fall under this definition of technology. The word "technology" can also be used to refer to a collection of techniques. In this context, it is the current state of humanity's knowledge of how to combine resources to produce desired products, to solve problems, fulfill needs, or satisfy wants; it includes technical methods, skills, processes, techniques, tools and raw materials. When combined with another term, such as "medical technology" or "space technology", it refers to the state of the respective field's knowledge and tools. "State-of-the-art technology" refers to the high technology available to humanity in any field.
Technology can be viewed as an activity that forms or changes culture.Additionally, technology is the application of math, science, and the arts for the benefit of life as it is known. A modern example is the rise of communication technology, which has lessened barriers to human interaction and, as a result, has helped spawn new subcultures; the rise of cyberculture has, at its basis, the development of the Internet and the computer. Not all technology enhances culture in a creative way; technology can also help facilitate political oppression and war via tools such as guns. As a cultural activity, technology predates both science and engineering, each of which formalize some aspects of technological endeavor
The distinction between science, engineering and technology is not always clear. Science is the reasoned investigation or study of phenomena, aimed at discovering enduring principles among elements of the phenomenal world by employing formal techniques such as the scientific method.Technologies are not usually exclusively products of science, because they have to satisfy requirements such as utility, usability and safety.
Engineering is the goal-oriented process of designing and making tools and systems to exploit natural phenomena for practical human means, often (but not always) using results and techniques from science. The development of technology may draw upon many fields of knowledge, including scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic, and historical knowledge, to achieve some practical result.
Technology is often a consequence of science and engineering — although technology as a human activity precedes the two fields. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors, by using already-existing tools and knowledge. This new-found knowledge may then be used by engineers to create new tools and machines, such as semiconductors, computers, and other forms of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered technologists; the three fields are often considered as one for the purposes of research and reference.
The exact relations between science and technology in particular have been debated by scientists, historians, and policymakers in the late 20th century, in part because the debate can inform the funding of basic and applied science. In immediate wake of World War II, for example, in the United States it was widely considered that technology was simply "applied science" and that to fund basic science was to reap technological results in due time. An articulation of this philosophy could be found explicitly in Vannevar Bush's treatise on postwar science policy, Science—The Endless Frontier: "New products, new industries, and more jobs require continuous additions to knowledge of the laws of nature... This essential new knowledge can be obtained only through basic scientific research." In the late-1960s, however, this view came under direct attack, leading towards initiatives to fund science for specific tasks (initiatives resisted by the scientific community). The issue remains contentious—though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research
Categorias lexicales:
Palabras de contenido:
Animal
Technology
Model
Palabras de Función:
This
The
And
Sustantivo
Technology
Human
Basic
Verbo
To refer
Applied
Resisted
Adjetivo
New
Artificial
Essential
Adverbio
Widely
Generally
Freely
Articulo
The
And
This
Preposición
By
From
Over
Conjunción
Because
But
And
Demostrativos
This
That
Prefijos
Prehistorical
Remains
Improves
Sufijos
Funding
Available
Widely
Cognados Verdaderos
Animal
Internet
Computer
Cognados Falsos
Actual
Aproximación al Texto:
Skimming:
1.- ¿Cual es la Idea general del texto?
Que la tecnología es un concepto amplio que trata de humanos, así como el uso de especies de otros animales y el conocimiento de herramientas y artesanías, y cómo afecta a la capacidad de una especie a controlar y adaptarse a su medio ambiente.
2.- ¿Qué palabras se repiten?
Technology
Human
Computer
3.- ¿Qué palabras se parecen al español?
Animal
Internet
Computer
4.- ¿Cuáles son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o graficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
Technology
Knowledge
Environment
Species
5.- ¿De que trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o las ultimas ideas del último párrafo
La tecnología es un concepto amplio que trata de humanos, así como el uso de especies de otros animales y el conocimiento de herramientas y artesanías, y cómo afecta a la capacidad de una especie a controlar y adaptarse a su medio ambiente.
A finales de la década de 1960, sin embargo, este punto de vista fue objeto de ataque directo, lo que lleva a las iniciativas para financiar la ciencia para tareas específicas (las iniciativas de la resistencia de la comunidad científica). The issue remains contentious—though most analysts resist the model that technology simply is a result of scientific research. El tema sigue siendo polémico, aunque la mayoría de los analistas de resistir el modelo de que la tecnología sólo es el resultado de la investigación científica
Patrones de Organización de un Párrafo:
Marcadores de Definición
for example
such as
refers to
Marcadores de Secuencia:
Continue
Following
Marcadores de tiempo
In the late-1960s
In 1989
Iin the late 20th century.
Reflexión:
Todas las unidades vistas en inglés instrumental fueron de gran ayuda al momento de analizar lo que dice un texto en ingles, no traduciendolo palabra por palabra, sino teniendo una idea general de lo que trata.
Fuentes Consultadas:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology
lunes, 5 de octubre de 2009
Unidad IV. Patrones de Organización de un Párrafo
Introducción
Los patrones de organización de un párrafo, sirve para identificar las principales caracteristicas de una definición, así mismo para narrar eventos siguiendo los marcadores del discurso de un patrón de ordenamiento de texto. Dichos patrones son: Marcadores de Definición, Marcadores de Secuencia y Marcadores de Tiempo.
Texto en Ingles:
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.
Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). These were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". The embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are however the most numerous.
The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore computers ranging from a mobile phone to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.
History of computing
The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century onwards though, the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations.
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies—automated calculation and programmability—but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. Examples of early mechanical calculating devices include the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150–100 BC). Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when. This is the essence of programmability.
The "castle clock", an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is considered to be the earliest programmable analog computer.It displayed the zodiac, the solar and lunar orbits, a crescent moon-shaped pointer travelling across a gateway causing automatic doors to open every hour, and five robotic musicians who played music when struck by levers operated by a camshaft attached to a water wheel. The length of day and night could be re-programmed to compensate for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.
The Renaissance saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering. Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers, but none fit the modern definition of a computer, because they could not be programmed.
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom by introducing a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.
It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine.Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed.In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machine readable medium. Prior uses of machine readable media, above, had been for control, not data. "After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards ..." To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 1890 United States Census by Hollerith's company, which later became the core of IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the teleprinter.
Marcadores de Definición:
This is
Is
is considered
are
Marcadores de Secuencia
First
Later
After
Marcadores de tiempo
recorded in 1613
From the end of the 19th century
In 1801By the end of the 19th century
Traducción
Una Computadora es una maquina que manipula datos de acuerdo a un conjunto de instrucciones.
Aunque los ejemplos mecánica de los equipos han existido durante gran parte de la historia humana, las primeras computadoras electrónicas se desarrollaron en el siglo de (1940-1945). Estos eran del tamaño de una habitación grande, consumiendo tanta energía como varios cientos de computadoras modernas personales (PC).computadoras modernas, basadas en circuitos integrados son millones a miles de millones de veces más poderoso que las primeras máquinas, y ocupar una fracción de el espacio.simples ordenadores son lo suficientemente pequeños para caber en un reloj de pulsera, y puede ser alimentado por una batería del reloj. ordenadores personales en sus diversas formas son iconos de la era de la información y lo que la mayoría de la gente piensa como "ordenadores". Los ordenadores integrados en los dispositivos de muchos de los reproductores de MP3 a aviones de combate y de los juguetes de los robots industriales son, sin embargo los más numerosos
Los patrones de organización de un párrafo, sirve para identificar las principales caracteristicas de una definición, así mismo para narrar eventos siguiendo los marcadores del discurso de un patrón de ordenamiento de texto. Dichos patrones son: Marcadores de Definición, Marcadores de Secuencia y Marcadores de Tiempo.
Texto en Ingles:
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions.
Although mechanical examples of computers have existed through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). These were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". The embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are however the most numerous.
The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile, distinguishing them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform. Therefore computers ranging from a mobile phone to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks, given enough time and storage capacity.
History of computing
The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century onwards though, the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, describing a machine that carries out computations.
The history of the modern computer begins with two separate technologies—automated calculation and programmability—but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of that term. Examples of early mechanical calculating devices include the abacus, the slide rule and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanism (which dates from about 150–100 BC). Hero of Alexandria (c. 10–70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when. This is the essence of programmability.
The "castle clock", an astronomical clock invented by Al-Jazari in 1206, is considered to be the earliest programmable analog computer.It displayed the zodiac, the solar and lunar orbits, a crescent moon-shaped pointer travelling across a gateway causing automatic doors to open every hour, and five robotic musicians who played music when struck by levers operated by a camshaft attached to a water wheel. The length of day and night could be re-programmed to compensate for the changing lengths of day and night throughout the year.
The Renaissance saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering. Wilhelm Schickard's 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers, but none fit the modern definition of a computer, because they could not be programmed.
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard made an improvement to the textile loom by introducing a series of punched paper cards as a template which allowed his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.
It was the fusion of automatic calculation with programmability that produced the first recognizable computers. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer, his analytical engine.Limited finances and Babbage's inability to resist tinkering with the design meant that the device was never completed.In the late 1880s, Herman Hollerith invented the recording of data on a machine readable medium. Prior uses of machine readable media, above, had been for control, not data. "After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards ..." To process these punched cards he invented the tabulator, and the keypunch machines. These three inventions were the foundation of the modern information processing industry. Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the 1890 United States Census by Hollerith's company, which later became the core of IBM. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the punched card, Boolean algebra, the vacuum tube (thermionic valve) and the teleprinter.
Marcadores de Definición:
This is
Is
is considered
are
Marcadores de Secuencia
First
Later
After
Marcadores de tiempo
recorded in 1613
From the end of the 19th century
In 1801By the end of the 19th century
Traducción
Una Computadora es una maquina que manipula datos de acuerdo a un conjunto de instrucciones.
Aunque los ejemplos mecánica de los equipos han existido durante gran parte de la historia humana, las primeras computadoras electrónicas se desarrollaron en el siglo de (1940-1945). Estos eran del tamaño de una habitación grande, consumiendo tanta energía como varios cientos de computadoras modernas personales (PC).computadoras modernas, basadas en circuitos integrados son millones a miles de millones de veces más poderoso que las primeras máquinas, y ocupar una fracción de el espacio.simples ordenadores son lo suficientemente pequeños para caber en un reloj de pulsera, y puede ser alimentado por una batería del reloj. ordenadores personales en sus diversas formas son iconos de la era de la información y lo que la mayoría de la gente piensa como "ordenadores". Los ordenadores integrados en los dispositivos de muchos de los reproductores de MP3 a aviones de combate y de los juguetes de los robots industriales son, sin embargo los más numerosos
Unidad III. Aproximacion al texto
Introducción
La Unidad III, Aproximación al texto, trata de estrategias de lectura para la comprensión de un texto; así mismo las técnicas de predicción a través de un contexto.
La Unidad III, Aproximación al texto, trata de estrategias de lectura para la comprensión de un texto; así mismo las técnicas de predicción a través de un contexto.
Dichas técnicas son:
Predicción
Skimming
Scanning
Texto en Inglés:
The capabilities of the personal computer have changed greatly since the introduction of electronic computers. By the early 1970s, people in academic or research institutions had the opportunity for single-person use of a computer system in interactive mode for extended durations, although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single person. The introduction of the microprocessor, a single chip with all the circuitry that formerly occupied large cabinets, led to the proliferation of personal computers after about 1975. In what was later to be called The Mother of All Demos, SRI researcher Douglas Englebart in 1968 gave a preview of what would become the staples of daily working life in the 21st century - e-mail, hypertext, word processing, video conferencing, and the mouse.
Early personal computers - generally called microcomputers - were sold often in Electronic kit form and in limited volumes, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. Minimal programming was done by toggle switches, and output was provided by front panel indicators. Practical use required peripherals such as keyboards, computer terminals, disk drives, and printers. Micral N was the earliest commercial, non-kit "personal" computer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. It was built starting in 1972 and about 90,000 units were sold. Unlike other hobbyist computers of its day, which were sold as electronics kits, in 1976 Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak sold the Apple I computer circuit board, which was fully prepared and contained about 30 chips. The first complete personal computer was the Commodore PET introduced in January 1977. It was soon followed by the popular Apple II. Mass-market pre-assembled computers allowed a wider range of people to use computers, focusing more on software applications and less on development of the processor hardware.
Throughout the late 1970s and into the 1980s, computers were developed for household use, offering personal productivity, programming and games. Somewhat larger and more expensive systems (although still low-cost compared with minicomputers and mainframes) were aimed for office and small business use. Workstations are characterized by high-performance processors and graphics displays, with large local disk storage, networking capability, and running under a multitasking operating system. Workstations are still used for tasks such as computer-aided design, drafting and modelling, computation-intensive scientific and engineering calculations, image processing, architectural modelling, and computer graphics for animation and motion picture visual effects.[1]
Eventually due to the IBM-PC's influence on the Personal Computer market Personal Computers and Home Computers lost any technical distinction. Business computers acquired color graphics capability and sound, and home computers and game systems users used the same processors and operating systems as office workers. Mass-market computers had graphics capabilities and memory comparable to dedicated workstations of a few years before. Even local area networking, originally a way to allow business computers to share expensive mass storage and peripherals, became a standard feature of the personal computers used at home.
Skimming:
1.- ¿Cual es la Idea general del texto?
La idea general del texto son los cambios que han venido presentando las computadoras personales a lo largo del tiempo.
2.- ¿Qué palabras se repiten?
· Computer
· Personal
· Home
· Capabilities
3.- ¿Qué palabras se parecen al español?
· Computer
· Used
· Personal
· Animation
· Academic
· Popular
4.- ¿Cuáles son las palabras en negrita, el titulo, subtitulo o graficos que te ayudan a entender el texto?
· computer system
· microprocessor
· chip
· The Mother of All Demos
· computer terminals
· Workstations
5.- ¿De qué trata el texto? Lee el primer párrafo y el último o las ultimas ideas del último párrafo
El texto trata de las capacidades de las computadoras personales han cambiado desde la introducción de las computadoras electrónicas.
Reflexión:
Estas estrategias de comprensión como lo son la predicción, scanning y skimming; son de gran ayuda al momento de querer saber de que trata un texto en inglés y lograr su comprensión.
viernes, 2 de octubre de 2009
Categorias Lexicales
Esta actividad se realizó con el fin primordial de seguir incrementando nuestro aprendizaje, sumado a esto el reto de dominar el idioma ingles como fortaleza y herramienta en nuestra vida profesional.
Nuestro objetivo es lograr de comprender lo que dice una lectura asignada por la profesora, seguidamente subrayar las palabras no entendidas y tratar de ubicarlas en un traductor, una vez logrado esto resaltar la idea principal del texto para luego traducir todo el texto en español.
Una vez que tenemos el texto en L1 y L2 identificaremos las categorias lexicales en el texto que esta en Ingles:
· Palabra
· Oración
· Verbo
· Parrafo
· Texto
Texto:
The Immersive Education Initiative is a non – profit international collaboration of universities, collages, research institutes, consortia and companies that Are working together to define and develop open standars, best practices, plataforms, and comunities of support for virtual reality and game – based learning and training systems. Over a thousand faculty, researchers, staff, administrators and students are members of the Immersive Education. Initiative, which is growing at the rate of approximately 2 new members every day.
Membership is FREE adn open to the global academic comunity.
1. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA PALABRA
· Immersive: Inmerso
· non-profit: Sin fines de lucro
· research: Investigación
· develop: Desarrollar
· learning: Aprendizajes
· training: Enseñanzas
· researchers: Investigadoras
· Membership: Membresia
2. IDEA PRINCIPAL
La Iniciativa Inmersa en la Educación es una colaboración internacional sin fine de lucro para universidades, colegios institutos de investigación, compañias y consorcios que estan trabajando juntos para definir y desarrollar estadares abiertos, mejores prácticas, plataformas y comunidades de soporte para la realidad virtual y juegos basados en sistemas de enseñanzas de aprendizajes.
3. TIEMPO VERBAL
PRESENTE
4. TRADUCCIÓN
La Iniciativa Inmersa en la Educación es una colaboración internacional sin fine de lucro para universidades, colegios institutos de investigación, compañias y consorcios que estan trabajando juntos para definir y desarrollar estadares abiertos, mejores prácticas, plataformas y comunidades de soporte para la realidad virtual y juegos basados en sistemas de enseñanzas de aprendizajes. Sobre unas miles de facultades, investigadores, personal, estudiantes y administradores son miembros de la Educación Inmersa. La Iniciativa el cual esta cultivando en la velocidad de aproximadamente de 2 miembros todos los días.
Membresia es gratis y abierta a la comunidad académica global.
5. CATEGORIAS LEXICALES
PALABRA
ORACIÓN
VERBO
PARRAFO
TEXTO
Esta técnica nos ayuda a que analicemos principalmente y buscar en nuestros esquemas cognitivos las palabras que podamos traducir por nosotros mismos y tratar en lo posible de darle sentido al texto, una vez hecho esto si utilizar un traductor para conocer las palabras que no conozcamos y parece mentira pero logramos de hacer la traducción completa del texto de manera facíl y entendible.
Nuestro objetivo es lograr de comprender lo que dice una lectura asignada por la profesora, seguidamente subrayar las palabras no entendidas y tratar de ubicarlas en un traductor, una vez logrado esto resaltar la idea principal del texto para luego traducir todo el texto en español.
Una vez que tenemos el texto en L1 y L2 identificaremos las categorias lexicales en el texto que esta en Ingles:
· Palabra
· Oración
· Verbo
· Parrafo
· Texto
Texto:
The Immersive Education Initiative is a non – profit international collaboration of universities, collages, research institutes, consortia and companies that Are working together to define and develop open standars, best practices, plataforms, and comunities of support for virtual reality and game – based learning and training systems. Over a thousand faculty, researchers, staff, administrators and students are members of the Immersive Education. Initiative, which is growing at the rate of approximately 2 new members every day.
Membership is FREE adn open to the global academic comunity.
1. IDENTIFICACIÓN DE LA PALABRA
· Immersive: Inmerso
· non-profit: Sin fines de lucro
· research: Investigación
· develop: Desarrollar
· learning: Aprendizajes
· training: Enseñanzas
· researchers: Investigadoras
· Membership: Membresia
2. IDEA PRINCIPAL
La Iniciativa Inmersa en la Educación es una colaboración internacional sin fine de lucro para universidades, colegios institutos de investigación, compañias y consorcios que estan trabajando juntos para definir y desarrollar estadares abiertos, mejores prácticas, plataformas y comunidades de soporte para la realidad virtual y juegos basados en sistemas de enseñanzas de aprendizajes.
3. TIEMPO VERBAL
PRESENTE
4. TRADUCCIÓN
La Iniciativa Inmersa en la Educación es una colaboración internacional sin fine de lucro para universidades, colegios institutos de investigación, compañias y consorcios que estan trabajando juntos para definir y desarrollar estadares abiertos, mejores prácticas, plataformas y comunidades de soporte para la realidad virtual y juegos basados en sistemas de enseñanzas de aprendizajes. Sobre unas miles de facultades, investigadores, personal, estudiantes y administradores son miembros de la Educación Inmersa. La Iniciativa el cual esta cultivando en la velocidad de aproximadamente de 2 miembros todos los días.
Membresia es gratis y abierta a la comunidad académica global.
5. CATEGORIAS LEXICALES
PALABRA
ORACIÓN
VERBO
PARRAFO
TEXTO
Esta técnica nos ayuda a que analicemos principalmente y buscar en nuestros esquemas cognitivos las palabras que podamos traducir por nosotros mismos y tratar en lo posible de darle sentido al texto, una vez hecho esto si utilizar un traductor para conocer las palabras que no conozcamos y parece mentira pero logramos de hacer la traducción completa del texto de manera facíl y entendible.
Uso del Diccionario
En esta sección, podremos encontrar el uso del diccionario, en donde se identificarán los sustantivos, adjetivos, adverbios, verbos, preposición, conjunciones, desmotrativos, artículos, prefijos, sufijos y los cognados verdaderos y falsos; luego de esto extraer la idea principal del texto, y la traducción del mismo
Texto en Inglés
Technology is a broad concept that deals with human as well as other animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include "construction technology", "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology".
The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in traveling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes
Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources.
1. - Identificar palabras:
Broad: Adjetivo. Ancho
Knowledge: Sustantivo. Conocimiento
Crafts: Sustantivo. Artes
However: Adverbio. Sin embargo
Encompass: Verbo transitivo. Llevar a cabo
Began: Verbo. Inició
Increased: Verbo. Aumentó
Freely: Adverbio. Libremente
Peaceful: Sustantivo. Pacífico
Surroundings: Sustantivo plural. Alrededores
Allowed: Verbo. Permitió
Unwanted: Adjetivo. No deseado
Pollution: Sustantivo. Contaminación
2.- Derivaciones de Palabras:
Broad
Broader
3. - Clases de palabras:
Palabras de Contenido:
Humans
Internet
Purposes
Palabras de Función:
To
And
The
4.- Sustantivos:
Norms.
Weapons
communication
Verbos:
Began
Increased
Encompass:
Adjetivos:
Broad
Unwanted
Society
Adverbio:
Generally
Originally
Freely
Conjunciones:
Or
And
But
Demostrativos:
That
Artículos:
The
And
Of
Prefijos:
Unwanted
Resources
Sufijos:
Available
Environment.
generally
Cognados:
Verdaderos:
Medical
Technology
Construction
Falsos:
Strict
Interact
5.- Idea Principal:
Technology is a broad concept that deals with human as well as other animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques.
6.- Traducción:
La tecnología es un concepto amplio que trata de humanos, así como el uso de especies de otros animales y el conocimiento de herramientas y artesanías, y cómo afecta a la capacidad de una especie a controlar y adaptarse a su medio ambiente. Sin embargo, una definición estricta es difícil de alcanzar, "tecnología" puede referirse al material objetos de uso a la humanidad, tales como máquinas, equipos o utensilios, pero también puede abarcar temas más amplios, incluidos los sistemas, métodos de organización y técnicas. El término puede ser de aplicación general o en zonas específicas: son ejemplos de "tecnología de la construcción", "tecnología médica", o " la tecnología de arte".
El uso de la especie humana de la tecnología se inició con la conversión de los recursos naturales en herramientas simples. El descubrimiento de la prehistoria de la capacidad de controlar el fuego aumentó las fuentes disponibles de los alimentos y la invención de la rueda ayudó a los seres humanos en viajar y en el control de su medio ambiente. Los recientes desarrollos tecnológicos, incluida la prensa, el teléfono y la Internet, han reducido las barreras físicas para la comunicación y permitió a los humanos a interactuar libremente a escala mundial. Sin embargo, no toda la tecnología se ha utilizado para fines pacíficos
Tecnología ha afectado a la sociedad y sus alrededores en un número de maneras. En muchas sociedades, la tecnología ha ayudado a desarrollar las economías más avanzadas (incluyendo la economía global de hoy en día) y ha permitido el surgimiento de una clase de ocio. Muchos procesos tecnológicos producen subproductos no deseados, conocidas como la contaminación y agotan los recursos naturales.
Texto en Inglés
Technology is a broad concept that deals with human as well as other animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include "construction technology", "medical technology", or "state-of-the-art technology".
The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in traveling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes
Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources.
1. - Identificar palabras:
Broad: Adjetivo. Ancho
Knowledge: Sustantivo. Conocimiento
Crafts: Sustantivo. Artes
However: Adverbio. Sin embargo
Encompass: Verbo transitivo. Llevar a cabo
Began: Verbo. Inició
Increased: Verbo. Aumentó
Freely: Adverbio. Libremente
Peaceful: Sustantivo. Pacífico
Surroundings: Sustantivo plural. Alrededores
Allowed: Verbo. Permitió
Unwanted: Adjetivo. No deseado
Pollution: Sustantivo. Contaminación
2.- Derivaciones de Palabras:
Broad
Broader
3. - Clases de palabras:
Palabras de Contenido:
Humans
Internet
Purposes
Palabras de Función:
To
And
The
4.- Sustantivos:
Norms.
Weapons
communication
Verbos:
Began
Increased
Encompass:
Adjetivos:
Broad
Unwanted
Society
Adverbio:
Generally
Originally
Freely
Conjunciones:
Or
And
But
Demostrativos:
That
Artículos:
The
And
Of
Prefijos:
Unwanted
Resources
Sufijos:
Available
Environment.
generally
Cognados:
Verdaderos:
Medical
Technology
Construction
Falsos:
Strict
Interact
5.- Idea Principal:
Technology is a broad concept that deals with human as well as other animal species' usage and knowledge of tools and crafts, and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt to its environment. However, a strict definition is elusive; "technology" can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines, hardware or utensils, but can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques.
6.- Traducción:
La tecnología es un concepto amplio que trata de humanos, así como el uso de especies de otros animales y el conocimiento de herramientas y artesanías, y cómo afecta a la capacidad de una especie a controlar y adaptarse a su medio ambiente. Sin embargo, una definición estricta es difícil de alcanzar, "tecnología" puede referirse al material objetos de uso a la humanidad, tales como máquinas, equipos o utensilios, pero también puede abarcar temas más amplios, incluidos los sistemas, métodos de organización y técnicas. El término puede ser de aplicación general o en zonas específicas: son ejemplos de "tecnología de la construcción", "tecnología médica", o " la tecnología de arte".
El uso de la especie humana de la tecnología se inició con la conversión de los recursos naturales en herramientas simples. El descubrimiento de la prehistoria de la capacidad de controlar el fuego aumentó las fuentes disponibles de los alimentos y la invención de la rueda ayudó a los seres humanos en viajar y en el control de su medio ambiente. Los recientes desarrollos tecnológicos, incluida la prensa, el teléfono y la Internet, han reducido las barreras físicas para la comunicación y permitió a los humanos a interactuar libremente a escala mundial. Sin embargo, no toda la tecnología se ha utilizado para fines pacíficos
Tecnología ha afectado a la sociedad y sus alrededores en un número de maneras. En muchas sociedades, la tecnología ha ayudado a desarrollar las economías más avanzadas (incluyendo la economía global de hoy en día) y ha permitido el surgimiento de una clase de ocio. Muchos procesos tecnológicos producen subproductos no deseados, conocidas como la contaminación y agotan los recursos naturales.
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